Family history of alcohol abuse moderates effectiveness of a group motivational enhancement intervention in college women

This study examined whether a self-reported family history of alcohol abuse (FH+) moderated the effects of a female-specific group motivational enhancement intervention with first-year college women. First-year college women (N = 287) completed an initial questionnaire and attended an intervention (n = 161) or control (n = 126) group session, of which 118 reported FH+. Repeated measures ANCOVA models were estimated to investigate whether the effectiveness of the intervention varied as a function of one's reported family history of alcohol abuse. Results revealed that family history of alcohol abuse moderated intervention efficacy. Although the intervention was effective in producing less risky drinking relative to controls, among those participants who received the intervention, FH+ women drank less across five weeks of follow-up than FH− women. The current findings provide preliminary support for the differential effectiveness of motivational enhancement interventions with FH+ women.     

Troubled parents,motivated adolescents: Predicting motivation to change substance use among runaways

Runaway adolescents engage in high rates of substance use and report significant family and individual problems. However, in general, adolescents report low motivation to change their substance use. Because a higher level of motivation for changing substance use is associated with greater substance abuse treatment success, identifying variables associated with motivation for change can be useful for enhancing treatment success. In this study, predictors of motivation for changing substance use were examined among 140 shelter-recruited adolescents and their parents/primary caretakers. Several findings were noteworthy. A perceived negative family environment increased parents' and adolescents' depressive symptoms, which increased adolescent's motivation to change. Also, greater severity of adolescent substance use predicted higher motivation to change. Consideration of the family environment and parent problems when addressing motivation for changing substance use among these adolescents might be important foci for motivational interventions and future research.     

重庆市农村计划生育/生殖健康适宜技术推广应用现状调查

目的：了解重庆市农村计划生育/生殖健康适宜技术推广应用的现状,为适宜技术的筛选提供依据。方法：采取整群抽样方法,问卷调查项目县的147名技术服务人员、机构管理人员13名、个人深入访谈28人。结果：县级服务机构服务量前3位的项目为人工流产术、生殖道感染诊治和产科住院分娩;5个县级服务机构近5年平均引入技术5.8种,10个乡镇服务站近5年平均引入技术2.1种;服务机构技术引进的途径主要有：政府组织的项目、文献查阅、同行交流及产品企业活动;技术可操作性、安全性,使用单位的条件、经济效益,人员专业基础是影响适宜技术推广使用效果的主要因素。结论：适宜技术的筛选应满足群众需求,适应机构条件和人员素质,适宜技术的应用需要规范,以提高应用效果和服务质量。     

从计划生育工作者角度看四川省男性绝育应用下降

目的：探索影响四川省男性绝育应用下降的因素。方法：小组访谈会。结果：共66人参加了访谈会（计划生育干部30人、避孕药具发放者36人）。计划生育工作者对男性绝育的认识、对避孕方法宣传的偏好和引导对育龄人群的避孕选择具有较大影响。结论：持续的宣传和倡导可提高公众包括计划生育工作者对男性绝育的认识,克服误区,鼓励更积极的态度。全面、客观、不带个人偏见地向育龄群众介绍避孕节育措施,对于促进绝育方法的安全、正确和持续使用具有重要意义。     

Parental diabetes in Taiwanese diabetic women with and without previous gestational diabetes

Background    Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is reported to be associated with maternal but not paternal diabetes. This study examined the relative contribution of maternal and paternal diabetes among type 2 diabetic women with and without a GDM history.
Materials and methods    A total of 48 502 type 2 diabetic women from a national sample were interviewed by telephone. Among them, 510 reported a GDM history. Parental diabetes was compared between patients with and without a GDM history considering the confounding effects of age, body mass index, smoking, hypertension, duration of diabetes and insulin use.
Results    Patients with a GDM history were younger in age, had younger age of onset, longer duration of diabetes, slightly lower body mass index, higher prevalence of insulin use and lower prevalence of hypertension, but smoking rates were similar. The percentages of parental diabetes of nil, mother only, father only and both father and mother for those without a GDM history were 76·2, 15·2, 5·8 and 2·8%, respectively; and were 47·8, 26·8, 17·5 and 7·9%, respectively, for those with a GDM history ( P  < 0·001). The adjusted odds ratios for patients with versus without a GDM history for parental diabetes of nil, mother only, father only, and both father and mother were 1·000, 1·210 (0·948–1·544), 1·783 (1·341–2·371) and 2·094 (1·440–3·045), respectively.
Conclusions    Although maternal diabetes is more commonly seen, the disproportionately higher paternal diabetes in patients with a GDM history suggests an important role for paternal diabetes on the development of GDM into type 2 diabetes mellitus.     

Trigemino-cervical reflex abnormalities in patients with migraine and cluster headache

BACKGROUND: Head pain arises within the trigeminal nociceptive system. Current theories propose that the trigeminal system is intimately involved in the pathogenesis of migraine. Short-latency responses can be recorded in sternocleidomastoid muscles after stimulation of the trigeminal nerve (trigemino-cervical reflex). This brainstem reflex could be a suitable method to evaluate the trigeminal system in migraine and CH. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to further elucidate the pathophysiology of migraine and cluster headache (CH) with special reference to the involvement of the central trigeminal system in the different forms of primary headache. METHODS: The trigemino-cervical reflex was investigated in 15 healthy subjects, in 15 patients having migraine with aura, in 15 patients with migraine without aura, and in 10 patients with CH. RESULTS: Significant abnormalities were observed in a great number of patients with both types of migraine and CH during the headache attacks, but only in migraine patients during the interictal period. The alterations are bilateral in migraine, unilateral in CH. CONCLUSIONS: Our results further support the relevance of brainstem mechanisms in the pathogenesis of migraine rather than of CH. These data, taken together with that from experimental head pain and functional imaging studies, demonstrate that primary headache syndromes may be distinguished on a functional basis by areas of activation specific to the clinical syndrome.     

不同干预、治疗方式对网络成瘾临床疗效的对照研究

目的 探讨心理治疗、行为治疗、家庭治疗、药物治疗和综合干预在网络成瘾戒治和病情转归中的作用.方法 对150例网络成瘾患者以随机数字表法进行分组,分为心理治疗组、行为治疗组、家庭治疗组、药物治疗组和综合干预治疗组,并分别于入组前及干预治疗16周后进行网络成瘾和总体表现量表评定.结果 各组治疗后网络成瘾测评分均明显低于治疗前[心理治疗组(72.13±14.55)分,(37.57±13.71)分,行为治疗组(69.57±15.06)分,(32.95±8.75)分,家庭治疗组(74.56±16.31)分,(35.84±13.03)分,药物治疗组(72.96±18.30)分,(21.19±1.88)分,综合治疗组(78.80±13.82)分,(16.92±2.04)分](均P ＜0.01);除药物治疗组,各研究组总体表现测评分治疗前后增分均差异有显著性(P ＜0.05,＜0.01);以网络成瘾减分值为因变量的多元逐步回归分析,在α＝0.05的水准下,进入回归方程的依次是综合干预、药物治疗、上网史,标化回归系数依次为0.454,0.301,-0.139;在以总体表现测评增分值为因变量的多元逐步回归分析中,在α＝0.05的水准下,进入回归方程的依次是综合干预、家庭治疗、上网史,标化回归系数依次为0.444,0.256,-0.140.结论 心理、行为、家庭、药物、综合之各种治疗方法戒治网络成瘾均有效,对总体行为表现的改善除药物治疗外其他各种治疗方法均有效,无论是网络成瘾戒治还是总体行为表现的改善均以综合干预疗效最佳;上网史与疗效呈负相关.     

职业女性工作压力-生活压力对健康状况的影响

目的 通过哥本哈根社会心理问卷和生活压力量表研究工作压力和生活压力对中国城市职业女性健康状况的影响.方法 抽取某市1045名女性职工进行横断面调查,运用协方差分析和多元线性回归分别研究工作、生活压力的单独及联合作用对职业女性身心健康的影响.结果 高工作压力女性身心健康得分比低工作压力人群显著降低,其中生理健康的校正均数按照工作压力由低到高依次为52.46,51.10,49.81和48.99,心理健康的校正均数按照工作压力由低到高依次为52.84,50.59,49.69和47.82;类似差异也出现在高、低生活压力人群间,其中生理健康的校正均数按照生活压力由低到高依次为51.21,51.12,50.17和48.20,心理健康的校正均数按照生活压力由低到高依次为51.39,50.58,49.63和47.32( P <0.01).此外,工作-生活压力联合作用的不同状态与女性不良的健康结局有关,按照工作/生活压力由低到高其与生理健康的均值差分别为-2.03,-2.49,-3.84,其与心理健康的均值差分别为-1.41,-2.46,-5.16( P <0.01),并可见一定的剂量-反应关系.结论 工作压力和生活压力对城市职业女性身心健康均造成不利影响,承受双重压力的女性尤其明显.     

农村环境烟雾暴露与家族史对女性慢性支气管炎的交互作用研究

目的 探讨湖南省浏阳市农村女性环境烟雾暴露及慢性支气管炎(慢支)家族史与慢支的关系,及二者之间的交互作用.方法 采用以人群为基础的病例对照研究方法,应用X2检验分析环境烟雾暴露及慢支家族史与慢支的关系,应用相加效应模型分析农村女性环境烟雾暴露与慢支家族史的交互作用.结果 在第一阶段对农村24 268名女性居民筛查中发现慢支患者157例(患病率6.47‰),第二阶段病例对照研究最终调查慢支患者92例,健康对照114人.结果 显示,使用煤炭/柴草取暖(OR=36.21)及慢支家族史(OR=6.41)可能是女性患慢支的危险因素(P＜0.05);经常下厨及使用煤炭/柴草取暖与慢支家族史有明显的正交互作用,交互作用指数分别为5.39和9.02;交互作用归因危险比分别为72%和88%;交互作用相对超额危险度分别为6.50和225.99.结论 使用煤炭/柴草取暖和慢支家族史可能是女性慢支的危险因素,经常下厨、使用煤炭/柴草取暖与慢支家族史之间有正交互作用.